Elements of Dance

Dancing is a expression of feelings. it is a rhythmic physical movement tuned or timed to a melody. dancing is both an art and a form of recreation

Dance consists of a succession or arrangement of steps and rhythmic movements to a musical and or rhythmic accompaniment

1. as entertainment
2. as part of rituals
3. as an expression of inner thoughts

the ancient times dancing and singing and playing instrument went to gather as a part of ritual ceremonies. Mating and courtship dances serve as a means of communication

The primitive way of dancing started from stamping of foot on the ground

all activities were associated with dance like war dance, planting and harvest and fishing, courtship and wedding dance

Reasons why dance occur

1. religious reason - dance is treated like a prayer for good harvest and fertility of crops
2. recreational reason - dancing for fun and it releases energy and expresses joy

The elements of dance

1. content (theme) - provides a unifying element to the movement of the dancers. It attempts to tell a story and evoke
emotions like acting drama literature, instead of using dialogues body and movement are shown to achieve intention
2. movement -  the basic of element of dance. it means by which the dancers can externalize an inner state or condition \ then communicate with an audience.
movement can be slow or fast they may be accelerated or retard

movements of dancers occurs in space and the path of dancers make pattern of line which could straight of curve

3. music -  music is the real partner to dance. dance without music has no life at all it s an aid to the rhythmic movement
and goes the strong physical and emotional outcome, music and dance has similar role to play. it may function
as background to set the mood

4. spectacle - the sequence of movement and music creates a kind of spell in audience. the scenery and costumes add to the 
creation of the spell. A background or setting is provided by having decorations at the stage that is suitable to the dance

dance has many forms primitive, ritual, folkdance, balletm modern dance, and others

primitive - communicates to the supernatural powers

ritual - reaches mytical condition

folk dance - reflect recreational activities of a place

ballet - acts a story or idea expressed


modern dance - expresses natural movement

Tinikling History

Tinikling

The tinikling dance is one of the most popular and well-known of traditional Philippine dances. The tinikling is a pre-Spanish dance from the Philippines that involves two people beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other in coordination with one or more dancers who step over and in between the poles in a dance. The name is a reference to birds locally known as tikling, which can be any of a number of rail species; the term tinikling literally means "tikling-like." The dance originated in Leyte among the Visayan islands in the central Philippines as an imitation of the tikling bird dodging bamboo traps set by rice farmers. The dance imitates the movement of the tikling birds as they walk between grass stems, run over tree branches, or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. Dancers imitate the tikling bird's legendary grace and speed by skillfully maneuvering between large bamboo poles.

Tinikling dancers.

Legend says that Tinikling originated during the time when the Spaniards took over the Philippines. Natives worked on large plantations under the control of the King of Spain. Those who didn't work productively were punished by standing between two bamboo poles.
For this traditional folk dance, females wear a dress called balintawak or patadyong, and males wear a uniform called barong tagalog. The balintawak are colorful dresses with wide arched sleeves and the patadyong is a pineapple fiber blouse paired with checkered skirts. The barong tagalog uniform is usually lightweight long sleeved shirts and worn with red trousers. Dancers wear no footwear while performing.


Tinikling involves five steps; during the first four steps, the dancers dance opposite each other, and during the last step, they start from the same side of the poles.
The bamboo is also used as a percussive instrument as it is banged against the ground (or a piece of wood to make it easier to hold) and each other in a pattern. The bamboo has to be closed hard enough to make a sound, and the dancers must be quick enough to not get their foot (or feet) caught. As the dance continues, the banging of the bamboo becomes faster and harder, the sound of the clashing bamboo and the quickness of feet demonstrated by the dancers thrilling and awing the crowd. In the United States, this dance had been altered into a four-beat rhythm to adjust to popular music. In some cases, it has been used in conjunction with traditional Filipino martial arts to demonstrate fleetness of foot and flow of movement.

Vicente I. De Veyra compiled tinikling music in his book, Mga Ambahan. Today Tinikling is taught throughout the United States. In grades K-12 they use this type of folk dance as an aerobic exercise for physical education classes to help expand physical movements such as hand coordination, foot speed, and also their rhythm. Tinikling is commonly performed on special occasions such as the Filipino Independence Day Independence Day (Philippines). This traditional dance is a celebration of Filipino culture and Filipino pride.


Guide Questions:

1. What is Tinikling?
2. How does Tinikling oringinated?
3. What are the costumes used in dancing the Tinikling?
4. Where did the Tinikling traditional dance come from?
5.  What is the basic equipment in dancing the Tinikling?



From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   
image from: www.philamfood.com 

Unarmed and Weapon Self-defense "The Philippine's Stick Fighting (ARNIS)

Modern Arnis is the system of Filipino martial arts founded by Remy Presas as a self-defense system. His goal was to create an injury-free training method as well as an effective self-defense system in order to preserve the older Arnis systems. The term Modern Arniswas used by Remy Presas' younger brother Ernesto Presas to describe his style of Filipino martial arts; since 1999 Ernesto Presas has called his system Kombatan. It is derived principally from the traditional Presas family style of the Bolo (machete) and the stick-dueling art of Balintawak Eskrima, with influences from other Filipino and Japanese martial arts.

One of the characteristics of Filipino martial arts is the use of weapons from the very beginning of training and Modern Arnis is no exception. The primary weapon is the rattan stick, called a cane or baston (baton), which varies in size, but is usually about 28 inches (71 cm) in length. Both single and double stick techniques are taught, with an emphasis on the former; unarmed defenses against the stick and against bladed weapons (which the stick is sometimes taken to represent) are a part of the curriculum.

Training covers empty-hand self-defense (striking, locking, throwing, etc.) as well as the trademark single and double stick techniques of the Filipino martial arts. Other aspects of the art include espada y daga (sword and dagger fighting), sinawali (double stick weaving patterns), and tapi-tapi (locking drills with the stick). In addition to partner drills, Modern Arnis includes the use of anyo (kata), solo forms both with and without the stick. Emphasis is placed on fitting the art in with a student's previous training ("the art within your art"), smoothly reacting to changing situations in the fight ("the flow"), and countering the opponent's attempt to counter strikes directed at him ("tapi-tapi"). Practitioners are called arnisadors or Modern Arnis players.

Equipment used in Arnis

the cane or club is the standard equipment used in eskrima. The cane should be made of rattan or liana, dried, rounded at both ends. The length of the cane shall be 12 to 36 inches and about three quarters to inch in diameter. The standard length of arnis is 28 inches.




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Arnis#Training

Badminton History, Governing bodies, Scoring and Service for doubles and singles

Badminton is       a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court.

THE NET

The full width of the court is 6.1 meters (20 ft), and in singles, this width is reduced to 5.18 meters (17 ft). 

The full length of the court is 13.4 meters (44 ft). 

The service courts are marked by a center line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 meters (6 ft 6 inch) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. 

In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 meters (2 ft 6 inches) from the back boundary.

Badminton strokes

Different Badminton Strokes:

1. Serve - underhand stoke to start gameplay
2. Overhand Clear - overhand stroke driving the birdie high
and deep into the opponent's court
3. Underhand Clear - underhand stroke driving the birdie high
and deep into the opponent's court
4. Drop - a short shot in which just clears the net, and falls
close to the net in the opponent's court.
5. Smash - an overhead stroke in which the birdie travels at a downward angle (spike).

HISTORY OF BADMINTON

Badminton has its origins in ancient civilizations in Europe and Asia.  The ancient game is known as battledore (bat or paddle) and shuttlecock probably originated more than 2000 years ago.

In the 1600s battledore and shuttlecock was an upper-class pastime in England and many European countries. Battledore and shuttlecock were simply two people hitting a shuttlecock backward and forwards with a simple bat as many times as they could without allowing it to hit the ground.

Modern badminton can be traced to mid-19th century British India. It was created by British military officers stationed there.  A net was added to the traditional English game of battledore and shuttlecock. As it was popular in the British garrison town of Poona, the game came to be known as "Poona" or "Poonai" Initially, woolen balls were preferred by the upper classes in windy or wet conditions, but ultimately shuttlecocks took over the role of a "ball." This game was taken by retired officers who got back to England. It was introduced as a game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his stately home 'Badminton' in Gloucestershire, England where it became popular. Hence, the origin of the name "Badminton."

http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Badminton/USAB/History/Brief-History-of-Badminton

Duke of Beaufort is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, legitimized son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, a Lancastrian leader in the Wars of the Roses. The name Beaufort refers to a castle in Champagne, France (now Montmorency-Beaufort). It is the only current dukedom to take its name from a place outside the British Isles.

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport. The BWF headquarters are currently located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Five regional confederations are associated with the IBF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Africa Badminton Federation (ABF)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America belong to the same confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

The Laws of Badminton and Competition Regulations in the BWF Statutes provide the detail on every aspect of the game of badminton.

Scoring System

• A match consists of the best of 3 games
• of 21 points.
• Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored.
• The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
• At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game.
• At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.
• The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Interval and Change of Ends

• When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have a 60 second interval.
• A 2 minute interval between each game is allowed.
• In the third game, players change ends when the leading score reaches 11 points.

Singles

• At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even, the server serves from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the server serves from the left service court.
• If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then serves again from the alternate service court.
• If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the new server. They serve from the appropriate service court – left if their score is odd, and right if it is even.
  
  Doubles

• A side has only one ‘service’.
• The service passes consecutively to the players as shown in the diagram.
• At the beginning of the game and when the score is even, the server serves from the right service court. When it is odd, the server serves from the left court.
• If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the same server serves again from the alternate service court.
• If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The receiving side becomes the new serving side.
• The players do not change their respective service courts until they win a point when their side is serving.

If players commit an error in the service court, the error is corrected when the mistake is discovered.

In a doubles match between A & B against C & D.  A & B won the toss and decided to serve. A to serve to C. A shall be the initial server while C shall be the initial receiver.

Every player that does not follow rules or will likely show unruly behavior will be terminated from the game as default and opposing team wins the game with or without due notice.

Scenario               Score        Service From          Server         Winner

	Love All	Right Service Court because the score of the serving side is even.	A serves to C. A and C are the initial server and receiver.	A & B
A & B win a point. A & B will change service courts. A serves again from Left service court. C & D will stay in the same service courts.	1-0	Left Service Court because the score of the serving side is odd.	A serves to D.	C & D
C & D win a point and also right to serve. Nobody will change their respective service courts.	1-1	Left Service Court because the score of the serving side is odd.	D serves to A.	A & B
A & B win a point and also right to serve. Nobody will change their respective service courts.	2-1	Right Service Court because the score of the serving side is even.	B serves to C.	C & D
C & D win a point and also right to serve. Nobody will change their respective service courts.	2-2	Right Service Court because the score of the serving side is even.	C serves to B.	C & D
C & D win a point. C & D will change service courts. C serves from Left service court. A & B will stay in the same service courts.	3-2	Left Service Court because the score of the serving side is odd.	C serves to A.	A & B
A & B win a point and also right to serve. Nobody will change their respective service courts.	3-3	Left Service Court because the score of the serving side is odd.	A serves to C.	A & B
A & B win a point. A & B will change service courts. A serves again from Right service court. C & D will stay in the same service courts.	4-3	Right Service Court because the score of the serving side is even.	A serves to D.	C & D

Note that this means:

• As in singles, the order of server depends on whether the score is odd or even.
• The service court is changed by the servicing side only when a point is scored. In all other cases, the players continue to stay in their respective service court from where they played the previous rally. This guarantees an alternate server.

SOURCES:

Badminton World Federation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton
http://www.edbsa.com/govering_bodies.html

Physical Education Budget of Work Grade 7

Middle-distance running

Middle-distance running 

events are track races longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.

Events

600 yards

• This was a popular distance, particularly indoors, when imperial distances were common. In 1882, American Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 600 yards, running it in 1:11.4.^[4] The event was a common event for most American students, because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness.^[5] In the early 1970s, Martin McGrady was unsuccessful at longer or shorter races but made his reputation, set world records and drew a lot of fans to the arenas to watch him race elite Olympians at this odd distance.

600 m

This middle distance length is rather uncommon, and is mainly run by sprinters wishing to test their endurances at a longer distance. Like other middle distance races, it evolved from the 600 yard race. The 600 m is also used as an early season stepping stone by 800 m runners before they have reached full race fitness. The record at this distance is for men:

• Johnny Gray (United States) 1:12.81 Santa Monica 24 May 1986

For women:

• Ana Fidelia Quirot (Cuba) 1:22.63 Guadalajara 25 July 1997

800 m

The 800 m consists of two laps around a standard 400 m track, and has always been an Olympic event. It was included in the first women's track programme in 1928, but suspended until 1960 because of shock and the exhaustion it caused the competitors. Without the benefits of modern training, men of the era were, in contrast, expected to run themselves to complete exhaustion during competitions.

The current record is for men:

• David Rudisha (Kenya) 1:40.91 London 9 August 2012

For women:

• Jarmila Kratochvílová (Czechoslovakia) 1:53.28 Munich, 26 July 1983^[6]

1000 m

This distance is not commonly raced, though it is more common than the 500 m event is for sprinters. This is commonly raced as an indoor men's heptathlon event, or as an indoor high school event. In 1881, Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 1000 yards, running it in 2:13.0.^[4] The record at this distance for men is:

• Noah Ngeny (Kenya) 2:11.96 Rieti 5 September 1999^[6]

For women:

• Svetlana Masterkova (Russia) 2:28.98 Brussels 23 August 1996^[6]

See also 1000 metres world record progression

1200 m

Three laps. A distance seldom raced on its own, but commonly raced as part of the Distance Medley Relay.

1500 m

Also known as the metric mile, this is a premier middle-distance race, covering three and three-quarter laps around a standard Olympic-sized track. In recent years, races over this distance have become more of a prolonged sprint, with each lap averaging 55 seconds for the world record performance by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1998 at Rome (two 1:50 s 800 m performances back to back). Thus, speed is necessary, and it seems that the more aerobic conditioning, the better. This is a difficult distance at which to compete mentally, in addition to being one of the more tactical middle-distance track events. The distance is often witness to some of the most tactical, physical races in the sport, as many championship races are won in the final few metres. The record at this distance for men is:

• Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) 3:26.00 Rome 14 July 1998

For women:

• Qu Yunxia (China) 3:50.46 Beijing 11 September 1993

1600 m

At exactly four laps of a normal 400 m track, this distance is raced as a near replacement for the mile (it is, in fact, 9.344 m, about 30.6 feet, shorter; however, it is still colloquially referred to as "the mile"). The 1600 meters is the official distance for this range of races in US High Schools. The 1500 m, however, is the most common distance run at thecollege and international levels.

The final leg of a Distance medley relay is 1600 metres. While that race is rarely run outside of high school and collegiate invitational competition, it has been held at the international level.

An accurate way to run an actual mile on a metric track is to run the additional 9.344 meters before starting the first marked 400 meter lap. Many tracks, especially high-level tracks, will have a waterfall starting line drawn 9.344 meters back for this purpose. Otherwise, on a metric track, there will be a relay zone 10 meters before the common start/finish line, frequently marked by a triangle pointed toward the finish. In many configurations, that triangle is about half a meter wide, making its point extremely close to the mile start line, which would be slightly less than two feet from the marked relay zone (the widest part of the triangle, or line).

Mile

This length of middle-distance race, 1760 yards, (1609.344 metres), is very common in countries that do not use themetric system, and is still often referred to as the "Blue Riband" of the track.

When the International Amateur Athletic Federation decided in 1976 to recognize only world records for metric distances, it made an exception for the mile and records are kept to this day.

Historically, the mile took the place that the 1500 m has today. It is still raced on the world class level, but usually only at select occasions, like the famous Wanamaker Mile held annually at the Millrose Games. Running a mile in less than four minutes is a famously difficult achievement, long thought impossible by the scientific community. The first man to break the four-minute barrier was Englishman Roger Bannister at Oxford in 1954. The record at this distance for men is:

• Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) 3:43.13 Rome 7 July 1999

For women:

• Svetlana Masterkova (Russia) 4:12.56 Zürich 14 August 1996

2000 

• Another event that is rarely run, a miler's speed will generally allow him/her to prevail at this distance over less balanced challengers. The record at this distance for men is:

• Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) 4:44.79 Berlin September 7, 1999^[6]

For women:

• Sonia O'Sullivan (Ireland) 5:25.36 Edinburgh July 8, 1994

3000 m

• Truly on the borderline between middle and longer distances, the 3000 m (7.5 laps) is a standard race in the United States, though it is not raced at the outdoor IAAF World Championships. This race requires decent speed, but a lack of natural quickness can be made up for with superior aerobic conditioning and supporting race tactics. The record at this distance for men is:

• Daniel Komen (Kenya) 7:20.67 Rieti 1 September 1996^[6]

For women:

• Junxia Wang (China) 8:06.11 Beijing 13 September 1993^[6]

3200 m

At exactly 8 laps on a standard 400 m track, this event is typically run only in American high schools along with the 1600 m. It is colloquially called the "two-mile", as the distance is only 18.688 metres shorter than two miles. In college, the typical runner of this event would convert to the 5,000 metre run (or potentially the 3,000 metre run during indoor season). It should be noted that in most Eastern-American high schools, colleges, and middle schools, this event is usually considered a long distance event, depending on the region. It is the longest distance run in most high school competitions.

Two Miles

This length of long middle-distance or short long-distance race was 3520 yards, (3218.688 metres).

Historically, the 2 mile took the place that the 3000 m and the 3200 m have today. The first man to break the four-minute barrier on both miles for a total of less than 8 minutes was Daniel Komen in 1997, and his time of 7:58.61 remains a world record. The record at this distance for men is:

• Daniel Komen (Kenya) 7:58.61 Hetchel, Belgium 19 July 1997

For women:

• Meseret Defar (Ethiopia) 8:58.58 Brussels, Belgium 14 September 2007

2,000 metre steeplechase[edit]

Another race only run in high school or Masters meets. The typical specialist in this event would move up to the 3000m steeplechase in college.

3,000 metre steeplechase

• The 3,000 metre steeplechase is a distance event requiring greater strength, stamina, and agility than the flat 3,000 metre event. This is because athletes are required to jump over five barriers per lap, after a flat first 200 m to allow for settling in. One barrier per lap is placed in front of a water pit, meaning that runners are also forced to deal with the chafing of wet shoes as they race. The world record for men is:

• Saif Saeed Shaheen (Qatar) 7:53.63 Brussels 3 September 2004

For women:

• Gulnara Samitova (Russia) 8:58.81 Beijing 17 August 2008

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_distance_track_event